Deforestation in Asia

We tend to think that deforestation is a recent phenomenon, and in certain parts of the world, that is true.  However, deforestation in Asia and elsewhere has been a problem for centuries.  The recent trend, actually, has been the transfer of deforestation from the temperate zone to tropical regions. What is deforestation? Simply put, deforestation is the clearing of a forest or stands of trees to make way for agricultural use or development.  It can also result from the cutting of trees by local people for building materials or for fuelwood if they dont replant new trees to replace the ones they use.   In addition to the loss of forests as scenic or recreational sites, deforestation causes a number of harmful side effects.  Loss of tree cover can lead to soil erosion and degradation.  Streams and rivers near deforested sites becoming warmer and hold less oxygen, driving out fish and other organisms.  Waterways also can become dirty and silted due to soil eroding into the water.  Deforested land loses its ability to take up and store carbon dioxide, a key function of living trees, thus contributing to climate change.  In addition, clearing forests destroy habitat for innumerable species of plants and animals, leaving many of them, such as the Chinese unicorn or saola, critically endangered. Deforestation in China and Japan:   Over the past 4,000 years, Chinas forest cover has shrunk dramatically.  The Loess Plateau region of north-central China, for example, has gone from 53% to 8% forested in that period.  Much of the loss in the first half of that time span was due to a gradual shift to a drier climate, a change unrelated to human activity.  Over the past two thousand years, and particularly since the 1300s CE, however, humans have consumed ever-increasing amounts of Chinas trees.

National Average of Gas Prices 2000-2001 - 989 Words

National Average of Gas Prices 2000-2001 In the beginning of the summer, when most people drive to vacation spots throughout the United States, gas prices reached record highs. In June 2000, the national average was $1.68 per gallon and in some larger cities; the prices soared to $2.00 and more per gallon (Facts.com, 2005). Americans were furious not only because consumers were paying more at the pumps, but because rising fuel costs have triggered inflation. Americans realized that if inflation began to rise, a recession could be triggered as had occurred in the 1970s and 1980s (Facts.com, 2005). Affects on Gas Costs on the Economy 2000-2001 Fuel prices began to rise because the supply of oil was not meeting the†¦show more content†¦Member nations of OPEC wanted high oil prices to support the fortunes of the ruling wealthy classes and to provide huge public benefits for a the member nations poverty stricken and unemployed population (Steltzer, 2000). Analysts Outlook for Oil Supplies in the Future Decades after 2000-2001 Some analysts claimed that the worlds oil supply was decreasing so slowly that no concern was warranted for future decades. These analysts used the oil crisis of the 1970s as an example. Many observers at that time predicted that because no new oil-fields had been discovered the prices of oil would rise to 100 dollars per barrel or more by the end of the decade, even though this increase never did occur (Truby, 2000). Other critics felt that the oil price increase in 2000 was a bad indicator of what the future held if changes were not made in the nations energy infrastructure (Truby, 2000). The fear was not that the nation would run out oil, but cheap oil. The terrorist attack on the Trade Center was thought to have an impact on the oil prices, but due to decreases in interest rates to keep the economy afloat, those increases never came to fruition. Conclusion Oil prices in the years 2000-2001 rose due to OPECs decision to cut the supply of oil that was being produced. Foreign relations with the United States did little to the price increase ofShow MoreRelatedEffects of 9/11 on American Economy Essay625 Words   |  3 PagesThe September 11 attacks were set of four terrorist attacks controlled by al-Qaeda, an Islamic terrorist group. On September 11, 2001, four aircrafts were hijacked by the terrorists; two of the planes hit Twin towers in New York, third hit the Pentagon and the fourth one crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania (â€Å"9/11 Attacks†). The September 11 attacks had several long-term negative effects that include Social effects, Psychological effects, Physical health effects, Economic effects andRead MoreHybrid Vehicle1392 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: As gas prices raise the average automobile consumer demands a better, more fuel efficient vehicle. This demand has forced manufacturers to begin producing hybrid vehicle; first four door hybrid sedan was unveiled by Toyota in 2000. The Toyota Prius’ success encouraged it competitors to roll out their hybrid cars as well setting a common standard for environmentally friendly and efficient vehicles. The relationship of consumer and manufacturer in the car industry on a macro level hasRead MoreGlobalization : An International Economy And Global Markets898 Words   |  4 Pagesdon t look after social needs (2000). Globalization allows businesses to grow due to the elimination of stringent trade restrictions and tariffs. Globalization also allows undeveloped nations the opportunity to flourish by creating jobs that were previously unavailable. As Lechner states in his Globalization Debates - Good vs. Bad, those in opposition believe that globalization is dangerous due to the à ¢â‚¬Å"...inequities of oppressive global capitalism† (2000-2001). So, what are the upsides and downsidesRead MoreHow Gasoline Prices Work3963 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction to How Gas Prices Work Image Gallery: Hybrid Cars Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images High gas prices can make you stop and think about your commute. See hybrid car pictures to see models that save you money.In May 2008, average gas prices in the United States approached, and in some places passed, $4.00 a gallon, shattering records. But this was nothing new to American consumers. May was a month of records that broke one after another, and that came on the heels of months ofRead MoreWhy the Suv Is Bad1715 Words   |  7 Pagesare no rules right now but the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) will require better mileage by 2011. The H2 will have to increase its mpg to 22.3. Still that is very low considering most compact cars minimal is 27.5. Ron DeFore, a spokesman for the sport-utility vehicle Owners of America, a non-profit consumer group, questioned whether the rules were needed given high gas prices. He says he fears the standards will lead to higher vehicle prices, reduced performance and fewerRead More Energy Crisis Of The United States Essa y2153 Words   |  9 Pagesincluding using more solar and wind energy, nuclear power, and drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). The President told the American people that they would have to watch their energy use and conserve as much as possible. Gas prices reached $2 per gallon in the Midwest for the second straight summer, and California continued to be hit by unprecedented power woes that forced rolling blackouts. The price of crude oil rose sharply, from around $10 a barrel to a peak of $37. The currentRead MoreHomelessness1688 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition, a person who is homeless lives in public. The lack and destruction of federal housing programs and increasing rents forced those who are homeless to do in public what everyone prefers to do in private. According to the website, National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, the Low Income Housing Information Service estimates that â€Å"there are twice as many low-income families searching for housing as there are units available†, many of which are waiting on Section 8 housing, aRead More America Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge5388 Words   |  22 PagesAmerica Does NOT Need to Drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Thesis: If the United States is going to choose to conserve energy responsibly, then our governments energies should not be focused on developing oil in the ANWR, but rather on the topics of conservation through higher fuel efficiency standards in vehicles and by developing alternative energy sources. Conservation, fuel efficiency and alternative energy sources are the solutions that will lead usRead MoreWhy It Is Important to Reduce Emissions Caused by Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases and Avoid the Costs Originated by Them in the Near Future2919 Words   |  12 PagesThe issue of Global climate change is one of the utmost economic, social, and environmental challenges of this century. Analysis shows that greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for changes in the pattern of climate around the Globe. â€Å"Global pollution creates a â€Å"public bad† born by all – a negative externality with a wide impact† (M.Harris, 2002). Australia is considered to be the driest populated continent in the world and faces stern drought and water shortages. Reducing carbon emissions isRead MoreReport on Oil and Gas Industry in Pakistan81517 Words   |  327 PagesReport No. 26072-PK Pakistan: Oil and Gas Sector Review July 10, 2003 Oil and Gas Policy Division Oil, Gas, Mining and Chemicals Department Private Sector Development and Infrastructure Document of the World Bank Currency Equivalents Currency Unit = Rupees (Rs) Rs. 1.00 = Paisa 100 US$1.00 = Rs. 58.35 * Rs. 1.0 = US$0.017138 Rs. 1,000,000 = US$17,138 *As of December 31, 2002 Measures And Equivalents 1 Kilometer (km) 1 Cubic Meter (m3) 1 Cubic Meter (m3) 1 Thousand Cubic Feet

Josephine Baker, Dancer, Singer, Activist, and Spy

Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald; June 3, 1906–April 12, 1975) was an American-born singer,  dancer, and civil rights activist who overwhelmed Parisian audiences in the 1920s to become one of the most popular entertainers in France. She spent her youth in poverty in the U.S. before learning to dance and finding success on Broadway, then moving to France. When racism soured her return to the U.S., she took up the cause of civil rights. Fast Facts: Josephine Baker Known For: Singer,  dancer, civil rights activistKnown As: â€Å"Black Venus,† â€Å"Black Pearl†Born: June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, MissouriParents: Carrie McDonald, Eddie CarsonDied: April 12, 1975 in Paris, FranceAwards and Honors: Croix de Guerre,  Legion of HonourSpouses: Jo Bouillon,  Jean Lion,  William Baker,  Willie WellsChildren: 12 (adopted)Notable Quote: Beautiful? Its all a question of luck. I was born with good legs. As for the rest...beautiful, no. Amusing, yes. Early Life Josephine Baker was born Freda Josephine McDonald on June 3, 1906, in St. Louis, Missouri. Bakers mother Carrie McDonald had hoped to be a music hall dancer but made her living doing laundry. Her father Eddie Carso, was a drummer for  vaudeville  shows. Baker left school at age 8 to work for a white woman as a maid. At the age of 10, she returned to school. She witnessed the East St. Louis  race riot of 1917 before running away when she was 13. After watching the dancers in a local vaudeville house and honing her skills in clubs and street performances, she toured the United States with the Jones Family Band and the Dixie Steppers, performing comedic skits. Getting Started At 16, Baker began dancing in a touring show based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where her grandmother lived. By this time, she had already been married twice: to Willie Wells in 1919 and to Will Baker, from whom she took her last name, in 1921. In August 1922, Baker joined the chorus line of the touring show  Shuffle Along in Boston, Massachusetts before moving to New York City to perform with the  Chocolate Dandies  at the Cotton Club and with the floor show at the Plantation Club in Harlem. Audiences loved her clowning, mugging, improvising comic style, foreshadowing her style as an entertainer. Paris In 1925 Baker moved to Paris, France, more than doubling her New York salary to $250 a week to dance at the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre des Champs Elysà ©es in La Revue Nà ¨gre  with other African-American dancers and musicians, including jazz star Sidney Bechet. Her performance style, referred to as Le Jazz Hot and Danse Sauvage, took her to international fame riding the wave of French intoxication for American jazz and exotic nudity. She sometimes performed wearing just a feather skirt. She became one of the most popular music-hall entertainers in France, achieving star billing at the  Folies-Bergà ¨re dancing seminude in a G-string ornamented with bananas. She quickly became the favorite of artists and intellectuals such as painter  Pablo Picasso, poet E.E. Cummings,  playwright  Jean Cocteau, and writer  Ernest Hemingway. Baker became one of the best-known entertainers in France and all of Europe, her exotic, sensual act reinforcing the creative forces coming out of the Harlem Renaissance in America. She sang professionally for the first time in 1930 and made her screen debut four years later, appearing in several films before  World War II  curtailed her movie career. Return to the US In 1936, Baker returned to the United States to perform in the  Ziegfield Follies, hoping to establish herself in her home country, but she was met with hostility and racism and quickly went back to France. She married French industrialist Jean Lion and obtained citizenship from the country that had embraced her. During the war, Baker worked with the Red Cross and gathered intelligence for the French Resistance during the German occupation of France, smuggling messages hidden in her sheet music and her underwear. She also entertained troops in Africa and the Middle East. The French government later honored her with the  Croix de Guerre  and the  Legion of Honour. Baker and her fourth husband, Joseph †Jo† Bouillon, bought an estate she named Les Milandes in Castelnaud-Fayrac, in southwestern France. She moved her family there from St. Louis and, after the war, adopted 12 children from around the world, making her home a world village and a showplace for brotherhood. She returned to the stage in the 1950s to finance this project. Civil Rights Baker was in the U.S. in 1951 when she was refused service at the famous Stork Club in New York City. Actress Grace Kelly, who was at the club that evening, was disgusted by the racist snub and walked out arm in arm with Baker in a show of support, the start of a friendship that would last until Baker’s death. Baker responded to the event by crusading for racial equality, refusing to entertain in clubs or theaters that werent integrated and breaking the color barrier at many establishments. The media battle that followed almost triggered revocation of her visa by the State Department. In 1963, she spoke at the March on Washington at the side of Martin Luther King Jr. Bakers world village fell apart in the 1950s. She and Bouillon divorced, and in 1969 she was evicted from her chateau, which was sold at auction to pay debts. Kelly, by then princess Grace of Monaco, gave her a villa. In 1973 Baker became romantically involved with American Robert Brady and began her stage comeback. Death In 1975, Bakers Carnegie Hall comeback performance was a success. In April she performed at the Bobino Theater in Paris, the first of a planned series of appearances celebrating the 50th anniversary of her Paris debut. But two days after that performance, on April 12, 1975, she died of a stroke at 68 in Paris. Legacy On the day of her funeral, over 20,000 people lined the streets of Paris to witness the procession. The French government honored her with a 21-gun salute, making her the first American woman to be buried in France with military honors. Baker had remained a bigger success abroad than in her home country. Racism tainted her return visits until her Carnegie Hall performance, but she had a profound influence worldwide as an African-American woman who had overcome a childhood of deprivation to become a dancer, singer, actress, civil rights activist, and even a spy. Sources Josephine Baker Biography: Singer, Civil Rights Activist, Dancer. Biography.com.Josephine Baker: French Entertainer. Encyclopedia Britannica.Josephine Baker Biography. Notablebiographies.com.Dancer, Singer, Activist, Spy: The Legacy of  Josephine Baker. Anothermag.com.Josephine Baker: The Black Venus. Filmstarfacts.com

The Real Essence of Life - 736 Words

THE REAL ESSENCE OF LIFE Many of the people often times failed to discover the beauty of having differences in a community. The mind setting of the many is to conquer differences and consider one thing in common. What could be the possible effect of this mentality to the society? Whatever religion we fight for is not a hindrance upon achieving a peaceful society. We all have the right to choose what we knew our heart is shouting for. It is still believed that we have a life to live and a spirit to lift. For whatever reason it might be for all of us, we are all gifted with the same being. We only differ on what we profess and what we worship. Yet it is not necessary that we should force other people to believe on what we know†¦show more content†¦It is on how you play the game called life. It is on how many frowning lips you turned into smiles. It is on how many lives you have transformed and have givenShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke, Paul Sartre, And Georg L. Hegel1710 W ords   |  7 PagesPHL 492 Final Paper April 14, 2015 The subject of essence is not something that the average person thinks about everyday, or ever in their life. There are several varying arguments over essence including arguments from John Locke, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Georg W. F. Hegel. Two of these men argue that essence is something that we gain later in life once we have made the choice of who we want to be. The third argues that we all have the same essence from the time we are born. The arguments of these threeRead MorePhilosophy: â€Å"Explain the Differences Between Plato and Aristotle’s View of Reality†.818 Words   |  4 Pagesfurther believed that our physical world and its Forms participate or imitate the real Forms in a disorderly way. He claimed that there was a relationship between the realm of Forms and our world. This relationship revealed to us mortals the forms and brought order to life. Aristotle objected to Plato’s view, arguing that one cannot know the type of interaction which is occurring between the two Forms. If the â€Å"real or ideal forms† are eternal, pure and unchanging then how do they relate to the materialRead MoreComparing Plato s Xi Of The Republic1376 Words   |  6 Pagestimes things that provide instant gratification have no essence, and no true meaning. Things of this nature belong in this line. The next line up is characterized by beliefs. This line signifies a slight ascension into the realm of true knowledge because it deals with the creation of beliefs as a result of slight contact with what is real. The ascension here is minimal because the beliefs deal with physical objects rather than the true essence of the Good. Once one starts to reason and begin to mathematicallyRead MoreQuestions On The Philosophy Of Metaphysics1372 Words   |  6 Pagesis because the simple question what is for real has helped shape our world and allo wed us to grow and develop overtime. Metaphysics is to speak about being and think about existence in general, general characteristics of being, and why there is something rather than nothing. The early Greek Philosophers developed the issue of asking, â€Å"what is† by answering the question of â€Å"what is the essence of being.† The philosophers did not all agree on what the essence of being is and each had their own opinionRead MoreFilm Analysis : The Matrix1557 Words   |  7 Pageshas his mind released from the matrix and his body is ejected from it. After being saved by Morpheus, he learns about humankind’s enslavement and trains to resist it while having to concede the rule that death in the matrix will result in death in real life. After going into the matrix to receive confirmation that he is the prophesized savior that can create and destroy within the matrix at will, Cypher (a member of Morpheus’s crew) betrays the crew and begins to â€Å"u nplug† the crew members’ bodies fromRead MoreThe Confession By Leo Tolstoy1661 Words   |  7 Pages– The Confession Many people find themselves in a mid-life crisis when they reflect on what is the real meaning of human life. Leo Tolstoy wrote his literal interpretation of God’s teachings. Towards his golden years, the writer rejected privileges and wealth and became a wandering ascetic. At the height of his career, he encountered a midlife crisis which revolutionized his views towards life. Tolstoy said that he considered ending his life since he no longer understood the meaning of it. He wroteRead More1.In Your Own Words, Define The Term â€Å"Metaphysics† As Used1161 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is reality? Does anything exist? Is anything that we see or believe in real? My examples of metaphysics from the book: I will be using Plato and Aristotle’s metaphysics examples. Interestingly enough, â€Å"Plato’s metaphysics claims that there are two kinds of reality† (Lavine 26). He believes in the material and immaterial word. The world of reality and the world of the senses. Plato’s metaphysics actually gives life to one of his most famous writings, The cave of allegory. This particular pieceRead MoreComparing The Body And Spirit1127 Words   |  5 Pagesbody is viewed as a collection of the cosmic energy qi (Kuhn, 2). Qi, is the fundamental energy at life’s source. Like the Dao there is only one qi. At conception a tiny bit of Heavenly qi is given to the human body. It maintains life and growth, supports reproduction of life, and declines with age. At the time of death, the qi is completely gone (Furth,21). There are two major types of qi, Primordial and postnatal. Primordial qi is the cosmic parent of yin and yang, i.e. the original purity of theRead MoreGod Is Real Or Not Real846 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding the nature of God and whether God is real or not real is for the most part innate. I have dwindled it down to two types of people in my world, people who believe in God and who do not believe in God. Most of my childhood growing up, I believed in a creator of the world, but as I grew up and began to understand more about science as well as reasoning, I walked a fine line between what I was taught to believe and what I thought was real. My family began to drift away from God, as did IRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Society Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagesposts. In essence following implies to subscribing to another user’s posts as they will appear on your timeline. As such, Twitter helps me connect with people I deem important in my life. Most of my friends are also on Twitter. Thus when we want to keep a conversation we use Twitter to connect with one another. One of the major features that makes me use Twitter is the ability to subscribe to tweets from organizations and agencies that matter in my life. In essence, Twitter relays real-time news

Punctuality Free Essays

Punctuality is the habit of doing things exactly in time. A punctual person will be a winner everywhere. A punctual person is always one step ahead of others. We will write a custom essay sample on Punctuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often we say plan work and work plan. But if you are not stick on your work promptly, punctually, how can you become a better person I your life? Punctuality is essential for man in every walk of life. For students it is a great blessing. If you are punctual you will get enough time to do your work according to your plan. In hospitals, punctuality can make all the difference, of course between life and death. Punctuality is inevitable everywhere. In business also this is very important. If you want to be a successful businessman, you have to be very particular in being punctual. The failure to keep up an engagement punctually may mean a setback for his business. If you are not punctual, you can see your washes away between your cup and lip! Punctuality is a very important part of military life for several reasons. one reason is that if someone is late for a patrol or convoy that patrol or convoy might haveto leave without that person. Another reason is because it will make whoever your relieving have to stay at work for longer than they are supposed to, tired and sluggish because of that fact, giving a high chance that whatever work that person does would be sub par and not up to standards because of lack of sleep. Punctuality also shows your chain of command that you are serious about your job and are ready and motivated to do said job to the best of your ability. Some cultures have an unspoken understanding that actual deadlines are different from stated deadlines; for example, it may be understood in a particular culture that people will turn up an hour later than advertised. In this case, since everyone understands that a 9am meeting will actually start around 10am, no-one is inconvenienced when everyone turns up at 10am. In cultures which value punctuality, being late is tantamount to showing disrespect for another’s time and may be considered insulting. In such cases, punctuality may be enforced by social penalties, for example by excluding low-status latecomers from meetings entirely. Such considerations can lead on to considering the value of punctuality in econometrics and to considering the effects of non-punctuality on others in queueing theory. If the relative value was different, it would be easy to reduce waiting times by providing extra planes or doctors, and under-utilizing them, at the cost of increasing the price of travel or medical treatment proportionately. This can be seen in the behavior of the wealthy, who can afford to hire private planes and have doctors who visit them, rather than vice versa, and in the extreme case of the ultra-rich, to have their own personal physicians and dedicated private planes and flight crews who wait on their needs exclusively. How to cite Punctuality, Essay examples Punctuality Free Essays Every person in this world has morals and ethics that are differ from other. If people do not respect their morals and ethics, then obviously they do not respect their selves. For instance, respecting the time or punctuality is surely included in the personal ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Punctuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important for each person to be punctual because it is conveys the personal ethics and increases the trusts of others. Academically, not being punctual will cause the student to miss information, failing classes and lose respect. The most significant effect of not being punctual is the student will miss classes, and that’s will cause the students to miss information. This information could range from pop quizzes to homeworks due dates. Furthermore, if the students permanently come late to the classes or misses it, they would not know about the homeworks due date or any information about it. Additionally, the students who are not punctual have a bigger chance of having lower grades on pop quizzes. Consequently, not respecting time will absolutely determine the total grade. Also, if the student has an assigned presentation to do and he/she are not punctual, he/she will fail to present what is assigned for them. Ultimately, the few minutes the students miss means more grades to lose. Secondly, the consequences of losing grades are apparently failing the classes. As a result, the student will have a lower GPA and will be dismissed from the university. The only thing that each student does not want to have is a low GPA, and that is why they study hard and put more effort on it. As a consequence, the A student is always punctual and will never miss any class. Because of having a lower GPA and not respecting punctuality, the student will be dismissed from the university. Surely no student wants to be dismissed from the university but punctuality is one of the unbreakable rules of the university. Accordingly, the student will face a hard time getting accepted from other universities, which most probably will reject the admission request because of not respecting punctuality. One of the main effects of not being punctual, that the student will lose instructors, classmates and family respect. Firstly, the student who does not respect the class time and always comes late will lose the respect of the instructor. As a result, the instructors won’t be helpful to these students when it comes to the grades. Furthermore, the classmates will lose faith and trust on those who are not punctual. Because of their habits they can’t be trusted especially when it comes to studying and doing a group projects. Also, after being dismissed from the university and basically losing all the opportunities of having a good life, the family will not respect the unpunctual student and will treats them as a child. Because they spent so much money and time, and they are rewarded by being unpunctual. Finally, Punctuality is substantial and it must be respected from all the people. It is a mirror for people’s ethics and countries culture. Personally, I would not go to the class rather than going late. Each student has to be punctual when it comes to class attendance, because it is one of the keys of academic success. How to cite Punctuality, Papers

The Impact of the Treaty of Lisbon on Bilateral free essay sample

Two and a half years after it entered into force, it is time to give a first assessment of its impact in one of SUES most autonomous policy areas: trade. To narrow it down even more, I will focus on the bilateral free trade agreements (Fats). Reasoning behind my choice lies in the fact that the further liberalizing of world economies through the World Trade Organization (WTFO), and more specifically the Doth rounds have stalled. We have witnessed a proliferation of Fats with the EX. being the leader in this area. It can in fact be argued that these Fats have become the Sues main instrument in its external read policy (Backing 2010). With the sovereign debt crisis raging on, these agreements become even more instrumental to the further growth of the EX. economy as they open the economies of the partner states to the EX. companies and capital. Main question I wish to answer in this thesis focuses on the supranational, EX. level, and namely the inter-institutional relations between EX. institutions. The main objective is to find out how the TOOL impacted the relations between actors in different EX. institutions that have a say in the field of bilateral trade negotiations and how much this institutional change affected the way in which he EX., and namely the Commission, handles the negotiations. To answer these two questions I will use a combination of rational and normative institutionalism for my theoretical framework. I believe that this combination is the only possible approach through which it is possible to analyze both the actions taken by the institutional actors to adapt to the new institutional framework, and the impact that the TOOL has had on the norms and values of these institutions. This is especially important in light of the fact that the TOOL calls for more legitimacy, transparency and mechanization of the ELI, and has particular instruments embedded into the Treaty to push further forward these ideas. Not much has been written regarding this subject, especially from the institutional perspective. Main articles concerning the impact of TOOL on Sues trade policy were written when the Treaty Just entered into force and were more of a predictions nature (Wolcott 2010, Dimensions 2010). They tried to predict or explain now TOOL will impact Sues Common Commercial Policy (ICP). In 2011 an article was published that took stock of how TOOL impacted common commercial policy as a whole (Galilean 2011). But nothing yet has been written regarding its real impact on bilateral trade negotiations. Therefore, I believe that this thesis will fill a gap that exists in research regarding both the institutional framework of the EX. and its policy-decision making after the TOOL. This article builds on Hillocks predictions and Salesmans findings, by providing a focused insight into one of trade policy most neglected areas. Even more importantly, I believe that through the use of institutional theory in inter-institutional relations we can achieve a new level of understanding of the way actors in EX. institutions are adapting to the ewe legal framework that is now in existence. Also, this thesis should provide researchers with a clear understanding of the way the TOOL impacted inter- institutional relations regarding bilateral trade negotiations and how that has impacted the negotiating process. To analyze its impact I will focus on all three main institutional players in bilateral trade negotiations, the Commission, the European Parliament and the Council and the relationships between them. Through the use of primary and secondary literature and interviews with EX. officials I will paint a picture of the way ELI, and namely the Commission, conducts its negotiations ND the way inter-institutional relations impact those negotiations. Main bulk of this thesis will concern itself with the case study, which will be the FAT negotiations between the EX. and India. These negotiations have been chosen because they started in 2007, and although they have not been concluded yet, they provide a great insight into the way the inter-institutional relations have changed post-TOOL, and how these changes have influenced the negotiations themselves. This thesis is organized as follows. After the introduction, I will start by providing a chapter grading the theoretical framework in which I will elaborate on the institutional theories that I will use. In it the methodology that will be used will be provided, namely the case study of the Ell-India FAT negotiations and explain the three main dimension of analysis that I have chosen to measure the impact of the TOOL on the post-Lisbon institutional setting. I will continue by providing a chapter consisting of a brief overview of the main changes that the TOOL has brought to ICP with more focus being given to those changes that have a chance to impact bilateral trade negotiations. I will also provide some main ways in which EX. institutions have adapted to these changes and an overview of the way the EX. conducts its bilateral trade negotiations. I will then proceed with the case study itself which will be the third chapter. After providing a brief context to the negotiations, I will analyze the three chosen dimensions. I will then conclude with a short discussion about the questions asked in the introduction, possible developments in the future and offer potential implications for future research.